Human Cardiac Tissue Engineering: From Pluripotent Stem Cells to Heart Repair.

Engineered cardiac tissues hold great promise for use in drug and toxicology screening, <i>in vitro</i> studies of human physiology and disease, and as transplantable tissue grafts for myocardial repair. In this review, we discuss recent progress in cell-based therapy and functional tissue engineering using pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and we describe methods for delivery of cells into the injured heart. While significant hurdles remain, notable advances have been made in the methods to derive large numbers of pure human cardiomyocytes, mature their phenotype, and produce and implant functional cardiac tissues, bringing the field a step closer to widespread <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> applications.